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<p style="text-align: center"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px"><a target="_blank" oldsrc="W020180523553681663693.jpg" uploadpic="U020180523553064519029.jpg" href="./W020180523553681663693.jpg"></a>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both; padding-top: 0px">编者按：为推动我国高校大学生创新创业教育和指导服务工作，经教育部批准，大学生创新创业指导培训团于2017 年10 月赴美国进行了为期21 天的专题培训。此次培训聚焦大学生创新创业指导，团组成员赴多所美国高校进行了学习、交流，包括马里兰大学、加州伯克利分校、旧金山大学、加州旧金山分校、斯坦福大学、圣荷赛州立大学等，调研了具有特色的创新创业孵化器，参观了众多以创新为主题的展示基地馆和实验室，全方位、多角度地了解美国创新创业文化和美国高校开展创新创业教育的情况，为今后做好我国高校大学生创新创业教育和指导服务工作提供了有益思路。</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 5px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: rgb(229,229,229) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(239,112,96); border-right-color: rgb(239,112,96); font-size: 16px; border-top: rgb(239,112,96) 3px solid; border-left-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; padding-top: 10px"></section> 一、美国特色的高校创新创业教育文化
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">从哈佛大学在1947年开设第一门创业课程后， 到2000年，大部分美国高校都至少开设一门与创业有关的课程，这十年来创新创业活动越来越多样化， 比如提供开放办公室、设立孵化资金、组织竞赛活动， 邀请一线商界人员进校咨询或辅导、开设网络课程等，总体上来看，就如旧金山创新科技展馆的愿景： inspiring the innovator in everyone（激发每个人的创新精神）一样，在访问的高校中我们看到美国蓬勃发展的创业文化，看到各高校把这种愿景实实在在地落实到了每一项具体工作中。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（一）创新就是“比过去做得好一些” </span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">如何理解创新创业？ Loyola 大学客座教授Bob Zhang 解释说，企业家精神更深的一层的意思是“创”， 等于“冒险”，“创”是要付出代价的，它来源于法语， 意思是“开小作坊”，目前的词意越来越复杂。创业不一定是创新，创新在美国的语境中更容易被接受，更简单一些，它就是比过去做得好一些，这样理解的创新就相对简单，所以每个人都可以创新，因为每个人都可以做得比过去好一些。在美国大学中，创新创业也是生活， 是文化，学生需要机会、空间去创新、创意，这是过去10 年美国高等教育的趋势。在谈到为什么在高校中开展创新创业教育，大学教授们谈到以下几点：</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">一是创业对社会经济发展非常重要。正是认识到这一点，美国政府和高校都非常重视创新创业教育， 政府非常重视小微企业，政府中面向小微企业服务的机构有小企业管理局、小微和少数裔企业厅、区域性小微企业发展中心等机构，这些机构的重要职能是扶持小微企业的发展。对于高校来说，鼓励支持师生创新创业不仅是人才培养的途径，同时高校也能从师生创业中获得投资回报，增加收入。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">二是职业领域发生了很大的变化。首先，学术性岗位在下降，学生需要更多的就业机会，而小企业是最大的雇主，他们创造了更多的就业岗位。其次，现在的职业生涯发展路径也比过去复杂，很多人不会将自己的职业生涯固定在一份职业上，高校培养学生创新创业的精神，学生需要找到自己的机会，也可以在本职岗位上创新。最后，学生的就业观念也在发生转变，很多学生希望毕业后能为自己工作，为自己创造财富，而不是去大公司就业。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">三是技术飞速发展，降低了创业的门槛。目前学生获得创业信息、创业资源的渠道越来越多，比尔·盖茨、乔布斯这些榜样让学生看到青年人创业的可能， 而科技的发展甚至让很多没有受过大学教育的人也可以创业。在大学里，教授与地区产业代表合作，有可能提供资金、提供项目转化的可能，在创业课程上也会遇到一些人，他们可以提供信息和场所。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（二）播下一颗种子，然后静待花开</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">创业教育的目的是什么？如何评估创业教育的效果？美国高校毕业生的创业率如何？在学习过程中， 我们就以上的问题与不同高校的教授们进行了多次的探讨。从普遍的情况来看，在访问的各所大学中，本科生的创业率都是非常低的，有的高校教师预计本校学生的创业率低于1%。本科生创业率低与两种情况有关，一是美国高校对毕业生的就业创业情况了解不全面，学生毕业后并没有义务将个人的就创业情况向学校报告，学校通过问卷调查了解学生的情况，但问卷的回收率往往也不高；二是教授们普通认为，创业教育只是种下一颗“种子”，在合适的时机会生根发芽。授课教师谈到：发现和利用机会不仅在创业领域， 在其他领域也很重要，学生通过这门课程可以拓展自己的商业视野，如通过一门课就可以学会运营、财务等知识，而不用去商学院学几门课，很多学生在毕业后都会去企业就业，可以先学习，这也是教学效果之一，学习创业的基本方法，进入社会后发现真实的问题，先到企业里积累工作经验，有了资金和人脉资源后再去创业。马里兰大学的教授特别谈到，创新创业教育并不是让学生都去创业，而是关注学生全面发展， 通过创新创业教育帮助学生澄清兴趣、训练思维、培养发现真实问题的能力。创业教育不是让学生建立一个公司，而是帮助学生培养创业心态。在硕士生阶段， 在商学院参加创业课程的学生的创业率就较高，在有些高校，这部分学生的创业率能达到20%。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（三）不只给一个胡萝卜浇水，而是照料好整个果园</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">斯坦福大学工学院科技创业计划组织（STVP） 的负责人在介绍情况时，问我们“如何找到第二个谷歌”？一个方式就是不只给一个胡萝卜浇水，而是照料整个果园，创造出一个生态系统这是科技创业计划组织的理念。他们认为创业是大众都需要的东西，不应该只是针对特定群体，要在更大范围内开展创业教育，并且要鼓励试错，宽容失败。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国高校的创新创业文化可以追溯到冷战期间， 美苏对峙，在科技、军备等领域开展竞争，美国政府将科技的发展置于国家利益的层面来考虑，对研究型大学的基础研究进行购买，或者对武器、核、医疗领域的科研进行资助，这直接促进了美国的“学术企业家精神”，这种精神在斯坦福大学的表现尤其明显。从斯坦福大学现任校长马克·特榭- 勒温个人的经历可见一斑。马克·特榭- 勒温不仅在研究领域蜚声科学界，在斯坦福大学任过生物系教授，在洛克菲勒大学任过校长，他还曾任基因泰克公司副总裁，创办生物技术公司并为其主要科学顾问。斯坦福大学因为研究和教学的优秀而举世闻名， 它催生了以信息技术产业为核心的硅谷、奠定了生物技术产业的基础，影响着世界的发展，这与师生与校友的学术企业家精神密不可分。据介绍，斯坦福大学教师创业人数非常多，学校允许教师每周有一天不上班，可以用一年时间去创业，有些教师会支持自己的博士生创业，教师则当顾问，这样的模式让教师和学校都有收益。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">从总体上看，美国创新创业文化的兴起与四个方面的因素有关：研究者的自由、制度（行政部门）支持、学界商界相互流动、政府在关键领域的支持。政府在技术创新领域发挥着三种角色：赞助者、使用者和参与者，近年来在农业研究、航空领域等领域，政府正从赞助者向参与者角色进行转变。不过，政府如何选择自己的角色很微妙， 一方面要保障基础，满足基本需求，另一方面又不能做太多，以免干扰市场。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 5px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: rgb(229,229,229) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(239,112,96); border-right-color: rgb(239,112,96); font-size: 16px; border-top: rgb(239,112,96) 3px solid; border-left-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; padding-top: 10px"></section> 二、美国高校创新创业教育体系
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（一）创新创业教育紧扣经济政治发展需求</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">创新创业教育于二战后萌芽，当时，美国经济逐步恢复并得到了长足发展，这一时期的美国处于大工业时代，工业文明高度繁荣，经济增长迅速，社会需要一些有生气的中小企业来激活市场活力。高校为了适应社会与市场的需求，开始探索创业教育，以 1947 年哈佛大学开设的创业教育课程《新创企业管理》为标志，到1970 年为止，美国一共有16 所学校提供创业教育的相关课程。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">创新创业教育于20 世纪70 年代起步，小企业的兴盛极大地促进了美国经济的发展，提供了众多的就业岗位，各大高校的创业教育在这一时期发展迅速，注重对学生实际创业技能的培养。有研究显示， 1979 年有50 余所学院和大学开设创业相关课程，到 1986 年这一数目增加到253 所。高校创业活动也日趋丰富，为越来越多的学生提供了实践学习的机会。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">从20 世纪90 年代起创新创业教育进入蓬勃发展阶段，知识经济到来和技术革命推动使更多的国家意识到创新创业教育至关重要。美国创新创业教育在广度和深度上都得以延伸，出现“大众化”与“尖端化” 趋势，即有越来越多的学校和机构开始致力于开展创新创业教育，越来越多的研究成果转变为市场产品。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（二）美国高校创新创业教育的特征和导向明显</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">1. 鼓励跨学科的创新创业教育</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">创业教育跨学科特征主要体现在高校开展创新创业教育的人才团队、学生生源，以及教学内容上。在师资方面，由专职管理人员、学术型教授、校内外创业型教师组成的跨学科团队，已经成为美国高校开展这方面教育的师资基本组成模式，指导老师一般都来自多个学科领域和产业领域。在学生招募方面，一般会面向全校的多个不同学院，来自不同专业和学历层次的学生。目前的创业研究也表明，创业活动实践对创业人才的要求是多方面的，创业人才需具备相应的综合素质。在教学内容上，一方面，课程内容涉及管理、战略、财务、法律等多个学科；另一方面，学生的创业实践聚焦在科技创业领域，这意味着教师必须掌握相关科技知识才能更好地指导学生。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">2. 鼓励基于科技的创新创业教育</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">高校在开展创新创业教育过程中，会选择聚焦于本校学科优势，特别是对科学技术的创新和突破的学科方向。一方面，聚焦于科技的创新创业教育，是对商学院传统的创业教育的发展和升级，进一步推动了高校人才培养与课程改革。另一方面，基于科技的创新创业教育，其定位的资源需求与学科优势、周边氛围等方面可以高度匹配，有利于整合学校教育发展需求和产业发展需求来建立各种合作关系，共同提升创新创业水平。一批高水平一流大学的教育目标就是培养高科技领域的创业创新领袖。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">3. 不断升级的创新创业人才培养体系</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国众多高水平大学都把创新创业人才培养体系的不断升级完善作为重要建设目标，经过不断探索， 创新创业人才培养体系的完善性主要表现在以下多个因素：多元化的高水平师资；高水平的理论与科学研究；学科交叉融合的课程体系；多元化的教学方法； 丰富的创业实践活动。这个几个因素相互作用，相互促进，形成一个完整的体系。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">4. 密切的大学- 产业合作关系</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">可以说美国产业界深度参与了高校创新创业教育的全过程，通过不同方式给予了强有力的支持。在教育体系设计阶段，企业的种子资金和捐赠席位起到关键作用。在课程和实践过程中，企业通过提供资助、师资、实习岗位等方式有力地支持了课程建设、实践培养等关键人才培养环节。在学生创业初期，企业界的关系网络也为创业学生募资、指导等提供了非常重要的支持。企业参与创新创业教育的过程中，也获得更多接触高校创业资源的机会，这种双赢的结果进一步强化了高校与产业的合作关系，并为创新创业教育提供了源源不断的发展动力。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（三）发挥各级各类组织的资源聚集功能</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">众多美国高校成立了诸如创业学院、创业中心、创业服务中心等专门协调机构。这些机构旨在整合创新创业教育的各方资源，推动实现教育目标。这些机构主要职责包括：向师生发布创业资讯、组织创业计划大赛、开展创业教育教学和研究活动、开展创业研讨会、提供创业服务和资金资助等。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">这类机构结合高校学科特色具有不同的聚焦侧重。这其中包括不同侧重和组织模式，教学型创业中心主要为本科生和研究生提供教学和课程，如百森商学院的布莱克创业中心；研究型创业中心主要从事创业教育研究工作，如百森商学院的全球创业研究中心；服务型创业中心主要为师生提供创业服务和资源支持，如仁斯利尔理工大学的创业办公室；综合性创业中心具有教学、研究与服务等综合职能的机构，如哈佛商学院的阿瑟·罗克创业中心；关注特定群体（如妇女、少数族裔、残疾人群、高校毕业生等）创业教育的创业中心，如百森商学院的妇女创业领导力中心。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">为更好推动创新创业教育，1996 年成立了的“全美创业中心联盟”（2007 年更名为“全球创业中心联盟”）是在高校投入创新创业教育的基础上成立的联盟，旨在为美国各高校创业教育中心提供合作平台。到目前为止，该联盟在全球共有200 多个高校创业中心，其中约150 个位于美国。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px"><br style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px" />
</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 5px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: rgb(229,229,229) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(239,112,96); border-right-color: rgb(239,112,96); font-size: 16px; border-top: rgb(239,112,96) 3px solid; border-left-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; padding-top: 10px"></section>三、美国高校创新创业课程建设
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">经过六十余年发展，目前美国高校已形成全面又各具特色的创新创业教育体系，课程体系完善，高校创业教育支撑体系完备健全，并形成了一套比较系统的人才培养体系。美国高校创业教育已形成独特规模： 超过1600 所学校共开设了2200 多门创业教育课程， 共有277 个捐赠席位、44 种相关英语学术刊物以及100 多个研究中心。而不同的学校所开展的创新创业模式也存在多样化，形成了符合学校自身教育体现和现状的教育模式。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（一）课程理念新颖，形式多样</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国创业教育旨在帮助学生成为社会上的领导者和创新者，因秉承这样的教育理念，所以美国创业教育重在发展通识教育课程来培养全体学生的创业意识、创业观念和创新精神。在他们看来，创业是一 种态度和责任，应贯穿每位学生的学习过程中。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国的创业教育课程大致可分为两类: 一是主要针对商学院和管理学院开展的专业性创业教育课程，被称为聚焦式(Focused) 创业教育，其目标是促进创业学科的发展；二是针对其他学院以及全校性的创业教育课程和活动，着重培养全体学生的创业精神和能力。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（二）课程设置的针对性强，涉及面广</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国创业教育课程设置针对性强，每所高校会根据自身的实际情况设置课程，侧重点不同。如: 斯坦福大学、哈佛商学院、百森学院等设立的创业教育计划都属于综合性的; 加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校、麻省理工大学、马里兰大学等高校的创业教育则着重高科技创业；加州大学旧金山分校、霍普金斯大学等高校创业教育计划的主要方向是大型机构创业和创新、生命科学应用等；旧金山大学、圣荷赛州立大学等主要根植硅谷，为学生提供基于创业企业的更高质量的就业机会。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">在课程的实施上，美国高校创业教育课程的实施类型有很多，如案例教学法、项目教学法、浸入法、问题中心教学法、模拟创业、讲座、在线课程、社会考察、与企业高管的对话等多种形式。以具体学校为例，斯坦福大学商学院采用“项目开发式”创业教育方式，让学生在课程中尝试起步创业项目。加州大学伯克利分校创业技术中心聚焦人工智能、大数据分析等新兴领域，在课程和专设项目中将新兴领域的知识学习与创业项目设计同步展开。马里兰大学商学院开发的创业课程，在课堂上指导学生体验创业行动中项目计划、设计、实施、评价的全过程。麻省理工学院的创业教育公开课“供应链管理专题”课程是以授课与讨论的形式进行，同时邀请公司主管作为演讲嘉宾进行教育教学活动。康奈尔大学的“社会创业法”课程是采用案例研究法和课堂活动教学。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（三）开设多层次的创业教育课程</span></strong></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">每个学生的个人经历、知识背景和成长环境都不一样，他们对创业课程的内容需求也有差异。美国高校的创业课程类型多样，根据不同层次的学生开发多个侧重点的创业课程，使学生可根据自身的知识经验储备和能力情况来选修自己所需要的课程。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">通识类课程：依托网络课程。马里兰大学、斯坦福大学网络创新创业课程的内容必须完全符合通识教育的宽口径、各学科互通、知识相关的理念，面向全校本科生的需求开发创业基础课程，将理论教学与实践活动结合起来，从而使大学本科生教育更注重实效，实现本科生知识面宽、高效学习、知识融会贯通的高等教育目标。在通识教育课程中融合创业课程是普及创业教育最有效的途径之一。通识类教育通过慕课模式已经越来越受到学生的欢迎。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">进阶课程：专业教师+ 社会资源。在通识类课程的基础上，进阶课程主要是美国高等学校创业教学模式中注重理论与实践紧密结合，学校会吸收一些既有一定创业经验又有资深学术背景的社会人士担任兼职教职工作。如斯坦福大学开设的“创业管理”课程， 就由学校专任教授和兼职教师两人共同开设，“技术创业”和“创业机会识别”则由三位客座教授共同开设，这些客座教授或兼职教师无一不有丰富的创业和企业管理经验。其中，“创业机会识别”课程的任课教师指导选课学生组成商业计划开发团队，他们还帮助学生聘请有创业投资经验和丰富创业经验的业界资深人士担任顾问。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 5px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: rgb(229,229,229) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(239,112,96); border-right-color: rgb(239,112,96); font-size: 16px; border-top: rgb(239,112,96) 3px solid; border-left-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; padding-top: 10px"></section> 四、社会资源参与创业教育实践
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（一）充分发挥校友在创新创业教育的作用</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">校友资源实现创新创业的良性循环。美国高校注重在学生的创新教育和创业培育的过程中，充分挖掘校友资源，形成校友资源培养与利用的生态模式，让校友成为高校创新创业教育资源整合的重要节点，也让校友成为在校学生进行创新创业实践的榜样。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">例如，成立于2011 年的斯坦福天使和企业家团体是斯坦福大学官方的校友联盟组织，旨在促进潜在创业者和投资人之间的关系。这个以校友为主导的组织为学生、校友、初创公司及教育项目搭建了一座桥梁，提供了学生与天使投资人和企业家之间的交流及资助的机会。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">此外，斯坦福创业工作室通过一系列项目与资源支持任一阶段的学生创业，从最初的头脑风暴到早期的成立与筹款，申请常驻的学生可以在工作室设计并成立公司，校友导师与其配对并进行点对点辅导。 由此，斯坦福创业工作室提供了一个全方位的支持性环境，所有的学生都能参与到斯坦福创业团体中来。高校通过类似的组织将校友资源整合起来很好地实现了创新创业的良性循环。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（二）让市场力量参与到创新创业教育各环节</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">一是企业深度参与创新创业教育。由于联邦政府的资源有限，许多高校正在积极寻求创新创业的发展资源，特别是来自于行业企业的支持。高校可以为行业企业提供人力、研发、创新创业基础设施等资源， 因此，企业可以充分利用高校中的设施与研发优势， 加深合作程度，降低商业风险，同时也可为教师与学生提供研究的实践机会。美国大部分高校与世界许多知名企业建立了稳定的合作关系，如宝马汽车公司、联邦快递公司、约翰逊控制公司、IBM、思科公司及宝洁等先进企业。这些稳定的合作关系让美国高校师生能够接触到前沿的创新创业领域，并能够协助企业解决技术研发问题。它们在科技创新领域目标一致、相互协作，从创新人才的培养、应用到创新技术的研发、生产都保持着高度紧密的联系，正因为两者相互影响、互相促进才造就了二者在科技创新领域不可动摇的地位。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">二是以技术转化推动创新创业教育。美国在保护知识产权、促进技术成果转让方面出台了很多法案。其中，意义重大的当属1980 年出台的《贝耶多尔法案》。《贝耶多尔法案》实施的直接效果是使大学等研究机构所拥有的专利数量有了大幅度增长，并使这些机构乐于转让他们的专利技术，对发明的商品化起到了有益的促进作用。今天的大部分美国高校都会设立技术转让办公室，旨在保护其教师及学生的研究成果，通常的做法就是研究成果商业化、申请技术专利。美国大学的技术转移中心和技术许可中心是大学创新创业者与校外工商业领袖协商洽谈研究成果商业化的中枢。近年来的高校创新创业热潮极大地提升了技术转移中心和技术许可中心的作用。这两个机构已经 不再仅仅关注单项研究技术的商业化，而是作为教师、学生、校友、 企业领袖、投行和创业交互联系的中心。高校在进行技术转换中具有很大的优先权，因此，能够更加有效地识别市场潜力。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">三是对接各类投资机构推动创新创业教育。美国高校也积极对接各类投资机构，在校内外设立创新创业业孵化器，发挥各自的独特优势，加速创新创业研发进程。在学生培养方面，一部分高校甚至收购了地方小企业，并让学生参与到公司的经营管理中，以帮助学生发展创新创业技能。这种方案降低了地方企业的成本，同时也让学生在创新创业环境中亲自操作， 使地方企业在市场中更具竞争力。美国高校的教师也通过教学、指导和倡议推进地方企业的发展进程。许多高校致力于发展教师与地方商业社区的关系，共同应对创新创业发展挑战。教师作为创新创业技术研发的主体，通过加强与地方企业与商业 团体的合作， 不仅促进了创新创业技术的发展，也打开了接纳多种市场机遇的大门。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（三）政府资源积极扩大创新创业教育影响面</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">在联邦、州政府层面，设立专门支撑保障小企业发展的相关机构SBA，同时为高校和大学生创新创业教育提供政策支持、数据分析、指导咨询等服务， 资助和组织相关创新创业比赛、博览会等，营造更 好的创新创业氛围。最新的趋势是，地方政府与高校合作，尽力发挥各自的优势，研究实际经济状况，以提升地方创新创业水平，丰富就业机会。例如，为了刺激创新创业，地方政府制定了提供拨款资助、减少创新创业税收的相应政策。美国高校也正积极争取地方政府的扶持基金，并有意向直接扶持校园内的创新创业活动项目，更为直接地促进地方创新创业的发展。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px"><br style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px" />
</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 5px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: rgb(229,229,229) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 10px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(239,112,96); border-right-color: rgb(239,112,96); font-size: 16px; border-top: rgb(239,112,96) 3px solid; border-left-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; padding-top: 10px"></section>五、对我国高校开展创新创业教育的启示
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国高等教育管理体制与中国有很多的不同，各州之间，各校之间在创新创业教育方面各具特色，同时也有很多值得学习的地方。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（一）高度重视多学科的交叉</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">在创新创业教育过程中，所有的高校都非常重视多学科的交叉，为了更好地实现多学科交叉，斯坦福大学成立了设计学院，学院要求每门课程必须由两个来自不同的学科老师联合授课，学生团队也必须来自不同专业。伯克利大学电子工程专业非常强调文理、工商联、艺术的联合。创新创业课程与学科专业融合非常普通，在本学科专业中进行创新创业教育已成为美国高校的普遍做法。为更好地促进学科的交叉融合， 所有的高校都非常重视公共空间的打造，我们访问的大学里，路过很多种类型的公共空间，在空间设计上， 非常强调人与人之间的流动更加便利，让不同领域的人实现不同的合作，就能产生不同的市场机会。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（二）大力推动师资队伍多样化</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国高校中的专职教授、客座教授、普通职员的流动比国内大学要活跃，很多教授和职员有过真实地创业经验，或在企业从业的经验，学校与企业的关系很密切。中国高校的老师多是校门进校门， 缺乏行业经验，缺乏创业经历。中国高校、教师应该与产业、行业更多融合，邀请既有创业经验又能授课的专家介入创新创业教育。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">同时，要进一步加强高校对创新创业师资拓展和培训的力度。一是学校要定期组织教师培训、轮训、实训和交流，使其创业心理得到调整、创业意识得到增强、创业知识得到丰富和完善，不断提高其创新创业教育能力。二是学校应积极选派具备条件、具有潜质的专业教师参加各类师资培训，培养教师的专业能力，加强创新创业教育的国际交流与合作，鼓励并帮助教师创造机会到国外高校进修，拓宽教师的国际化视野。三是聘请创新创业领域的企业家、创业成功人士、知名专家学者对教师进行企业实战、创业体验、教学方法、最新研究领域等培训，不断更新教师的现有知识储备和教学技能。四是高度重视大学科技园、创业园在创新创业人才培养中的作用，依托政府和企业现有资源与条件，加强科技园、创业园等创业实践基地建设，为教师创业体验提供平台，不断提高教师教学研究与指导学生创新创业实践的水平。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（三）着力推进创新创业教育体系设计与课程建设</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">创新创业教育与专业教育有机结合，开展创新创业教育需要开发开设专门的创业类课程，如“创业基础”等入门课程和“市场营销”、“创业融资”等进阶课程。同时，高校应充分挖掘专业课中的创新创 业教育资源，在专业院系开发依托于某一学科专业或交叉学科的创业课程，实现创新创业教育与专业教育的有机融合。线上课程与线下课程有机结合，近年来， 大规模在线开放课程等新型在线开放课程迅速兴起， 拓展了教学时空，增强了教学吸引力，激发了学习者的学习积极性和自主性，扩大了优质教育资源受益面。在创新创业教育方面，高校应在开设线下课程的同时， 开发一批资源共享的创新创业教育在线开放课程，实现创新创业教育资源的开放共享。显性课程与隐形课程有机结合。显性课程是学校教育中列入培养计划、有计划、有组织实施的正式课程，是课程的主体。此外还有一些未列入培养计划的潜在的“课程”，如校园文化、同辈影响等“隐形课程”对学生的培育也有非常重要的影响。就创新创业教育而言，高校要面向全体学生开发、开设纳入学分管理的创新创业显性课程。同时，也要注意隐形课程的开发，把创新创业文化特别是创客文化作为大学文化建设的重要内容，努力营造敢为人先、敢冒风险、宽容失败的氛围环境， 加大创新创业价值宣传，发掘树立创新创业先进典型， 弘扬创新创业正能量，以榜样力量激发学生创新创业热情。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（四）不断改进创业教育效果评估</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">美国大学对创新创业课程的效果评价更注重过程性评价，比如学生的满意程度，教师的自我评价等。创业率并不是评估创新创业教育效果的核心要素。在马里兰大学，选修过创业课程的硕士生中， 30% 会去创业，30% 加入初创公司，40% 在现有企业从事创新创业工作，比如所在公司有新的产品要推向市场。但本科生的创业项目是非常少的，虽然很多本科生学习热情很高，希望尽早接触创业文化。斯坦福商学院介绍创业教育的愿意和目标时，提到三点：改变生活(change lives)，改变机构（change organizations），改变世界(change the world)。在旧金山大学，我们同样看到改变世界(change the world) 这样的标语。风物长宜放眼量，创新创业教育要追求长久的精神底蕴。</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255,255,255); padding-top: 0px"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255,76,0); margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">（五）不断完善创新创业政策和保障体系</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px 8px 15px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(63,63,63); font-size: 15px; padding-top: 0px">创新创业对接服务国家需求，在高校引导学生创新创业过程中，服务国家战略性新兴产业的创业引导是要大力加强的。加强政策配套，进一步强化对我国中小学创新创业教育的政策支持，加大创新创业意识培养，严格控制各种各样的应试教育培训班，帮助家长建立正确的教育观，为高校创新创业教育奠定良好的基础。拓展融资渠道，政府近年来逐步加大了对高等教育的投资，各高校也可在此基础上加大了对创新创业教育的投入。与此同时，还应采取鼓励校友设立专项基金、吸引风投基金等方式，逐步拓展创新创业教育融资渠道，为创新创业教育提供切实的资金保障。建立健全教育资源共享帮扶机制，加强政府统一助推及高校主动出击的力度，让高校通过技术转让等方式为企业提供技术支撑，让企业经常为高校学生提供实践平台，切实加强校企合作。推进国内一流高校与世界一流高校合作，加大国内一流高校帮扶其他国内高校的力度，建立健全不同高校创新创业教育资源相互共享等机制，让广大师生都能享受优质的创新创业教育实践资源。</span></p>
<p align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0px 8px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(136,136,136); font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px">（大学生创新创业指导培训团供稿；</span></p>
<p align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0px 8px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(136,136,136); font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px">荆德刚、陈华执笔）</span></p>
<p align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0px 8px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(136,136,136); font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px">（荆德刚，青海省教育厅副厅长；</span></p>
<p align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0px 8px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(136,136,136); font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px">陈华，上海市学生事务中心主任）</span></p>
<p align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 2; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); font-style: normal; text-indent: 0em; margin: 0px 8px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(51,51,51); clear: both; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span style="box-sizing: border-box !important; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(136,136,136); font-size: 14px; padding-top: 0px">（责任编辑：冯枭英）</span></p>
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